Our educational Inconsistencies
“When my 8 year old son said to me that if its Master heard my coarseness when I lead, I would have at least three days of exclusion, I thought “Well done! ”, because I prohibit the least coarse word at the house to him. But, at the time, I laughed to drown fish and I did not know what to say”, testifies Nathalie, 39 years. In a few words, the children put at the day contradictions of which the parents inevitably make proof in education with the daily newspaper. And often, surprised by their perspicacity, those are diverted and remain without voice. “The child stores all information which relates to it directly. He is also invested in the defense of the pleasure principle, notices the psychotherapist Stephan Clerget. Nothing astonishing so that, as soon as he sees a breach in the parental system, he engulfs himself there to defend his interests. ”
Punishments given and withdrawn without apparent logic, lessons of morals which do not apply to the prescribers, dissensions between the father and the mother to such or such educational point…, the list of the “weaknesses” of the parents is not exhaustive. And the children can use them to put them in difficulty. Not only to draw from it benefit, but also because “the inconsistency is while oneself distressing for young people, because it subjects them to the arbitrary one, which is “insécurisant”, underlines Stephan Clerget. They need to anticipate to feel safe, to be based on stable reference marks. ” This is why they would never have to be left without answer. Neither silence nor tender, recommends the psychotherapist. He advises with the parents who have the feeling to be misled to recognize it, but without exaggerating the mea culpa: “That would give to the child an authority which it does not have, that it should not have. One must remain that which is supposed to know what is best for his/her child. ” Thus can one say to him: “They are not false, even if it is exaggerated”, or “I a little quickly admit having decided that…”
“In all the cases, he insists, one should not put the child in position of judge. ” It should not feel guilty nor taken in fault when criticisms relate to the differences between him and his/her mother or her father: “You, you… while me, I…” an example: “Yes I smoke, and I know that they is very bad for health, but I am guaranteeing of your health, and therefore I prohibit to you to smoke! ” In the same spirit: “I have the right, but not you. ” Whereas one requires them it truth, the children flush out sometimes parental lies which revolt them. According to Stephan Clerget, is justified those the purpose of which are to save to them, at least temporarily, a too violent shock. Less legitimate, on the other hand, all those which aim at dissimulating capital information, on their origin or their becoming, for example. As for the small lies of comfort, even if they are not very reluisants, better is worth to assume them, by recognizing that one undoubtedly acted by idleness or fear. These weaknesses teach them that the things are seldom white or black.
Certain sentences assassinate on the treatment differences in the phratry can sometimes cause a catch. “One can benefit from it to speak about the differences in age, of the rights and duties which they imply, continues Stephan Clerget. One can as explain as that does not mean less love or of confidence. Without justifying itself nor to excuse itself, the parents can benefit from all the questions to open the discussion. To develop arguments is advantageous for the two parts. ”
Lighting explained
Since the dawn of humanity, man is fascinated by lightning. He attributed the phenomenon then stormy mythical dimension which reflected the anger of the gods.
Since the twentieth century that the study of lightning has become a science. It was then discovered that thunderstorms are essential to life, they maintain the electric fields of our planet.
Since the mid-twentieth century to today, the development of transport and distribution of energy, information technology and electronics motivates serious research on protection against lightning and thus the phenomenon it own.
Lightning Facts and figures:
- An average of 1 000 000 lightning strikes per year (source METEORAGE)
- – The annual cost of damage caused by lightning are estimated in billions of francs
- Between 8 and 15 deaths per year (source Association. Protection. Lightning)
- 20 000 animals foudroyés
- 20 000 claims due to lightning fires, including 15 000
- 50 000 electricity meters destroyed
- 250 bells destroyed
Physical phenomenon
Although one could observe lightning in storms of sand, snow or in the pyroclastic flows of volcanic eruptions, the main generator is the cumulonimbus storm clouds.
This cloud is growing in altitude to over 10 km and its base, which is about 2 to 3 kilometers above the ground, occupies several tens of square kilometers. It is home to very strong winds ascending and descending, causing the collision of ice particles, water surfondue involved. This is the friction between the particles resulting in electrifying the cloud and the separation of charges. The heavier particles (water drops) are negatively charged at the bottom of the cloud, while the lighter particles (ice crystals) are positively charged at the top of the cloud. Sometimes an island of positive charges is contained in the negative ground.
Under the influence of negative charges is located at the bottom of the cloud, the atmospheric electric field on the ground usually around 100 volts / meter reverses and reaches values of about -15 to -20 kV / m: The potential difference between the cloud and the ground is such that the discharge is imminent.
There are two types of lightning, the intra (or inter-cloud) that the discharge occurs within the cloud (or between two clouds) and cloud-ground, or thunderbolt, which the discharge occurs between the cloud and the ground. The latter are responsible for numerous losses and damage caused to the environment, buildings and men.
In most cases, fall in love (or cloud-to-ground) is a descendant.The phenomenon of the discharge is initiated by a succession of pre-discharge from the cloud to the ground and progressing by leaps (precursor for bonds).
Once one of the peaks of the precursor approaches the ground, pre-discharge bottom (tracers) form and join the forerunner down. It was then a driver bridge between the cloud and the ground (ion channel) that will allow the passage of a current of high intensity. This current is the expense of surface soil back channel ion neutralizes charges from the cloud: the arched back. The warming of the air caused by the current will lead to its expansion and an explosion will follow: the thunder.
The first discharge leaves a conductor connecting the cloud to the ground.
Moments later (10 to 70 ms) of new precursors and descendants arches will take back that track moving much faster. On average, 4 to go back on the same track. The human eye, because of the persistence of vision, usually does not receive a single flash.
There is a minority of cases of lightning strikes ancestors, in this case the tracer develops from a large prominence on the ground. On observe le phénomène en montagne ou sur des grands immeubles. There is the phenomenon in the mountains or tall buildings.
In addition to the thunderbolt descending and ascending, a classification based on the polarity of the impact of lightning. There are lightning strikes that is negative from a negative charge from the cloud and lightning strikes positive from a positive charge.
How to protect themselves from lightning?
Avoid the edges and vertices.
If one is surprised on a summit, down below and as soon as possible.
Away from any metal (ice axes, crampons, carabiners, pitons, telescopic poles, towers, etc.)..
Do not park under a single tree, or under an overhang.
Avoid handling any conductor of electricity (water running off …).
Sit on the floor, because lightning is attracted to anything that goes beyond (a tree, a peak or a man standing). Do not lie down or rest against a wall.
Isolated maximum soil through any insulating material: roll rope, sleeping bag or backpack in which the frame is placed on the ground.
The storm is coming from various phenomena:
- The sky darkens rapidly Over the sky is dark, the cloud is more dense.
- The wind is increasing and turns to the gust. These bursts often precede heavy rains .
- Your radio sizzles and reveals a strong electrical activity, due to lightning nearby.
- In the mountains, you can see light fragrance at the end of objects (St. Elme lights) or hear buzzing diffuse. These signs indicate an impending coup de foudre.